Causes of Extramarital Affairs: Lessons for Social Workers and Child Rights Advocates

Authors

  • Yahya Muhammed Bah Department of Sociology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia, West Africa Author

Keywords:

extramarital, sex, infidelity, causes, affairs

Abstract

Seemingly, extramarital affair is occurring in all communities with substantial negative socio-economic and political consequences both on the couples, children and the neighborhoods; deserves urgent attention to address it. The rationale for the systematic literature review is to interrogate causes of the phenomenon, share knowledge to spark and inspire processes that will usher rapid growth from all directions. A systematic review of the literatures using information collected from different sources was actuated. Google search engine and others were used to search for articles. Only peer-reviewed articles published after 1999 were selected except extracts of fundamental mileage. However, articles published by staunch international organizations working in the area for years and produced indefatigable knowledge were stealthily appraised.

The study revealed that the causes are multifaceted  and entail: cultural and traditional factors, strong desire for children, high level of education, loneliness, unattractive partner, lack of communication, poverty and financial hardships, lack of commitment to the marriage institution, dissatisfaction, access to the internet, lack of employment opportunities and working abroad, lack of personal boundaries, access to contraceptives, diseases and pandemics, substance abuse and drug addiction, domestic violence, lack of trust and respect, feeling unappreciated and care for, low level of education, normalization of infidelity, compulsive desire for sex, strong desire for revenge, stress at workplace, elevation in power, attachment style, childhood trauma, childhood exposure to infidelity, lack of moral standards and previous cheating, lack of religious commitment, low compatibility and empathy; and male dominance.

References

1. Abbasi. (2022). Social Networking and Romantic Relationships: When Mental Illness Enters the Mix.

2. Abdulgaffar O. Arikewuyo. (2020). Influence of Lack of Trust on Romantic Relationship Problems: The Mediating Role of Partner Cell Phone Snooping.

3. Abhaya S Prasad, Louis Hugo Francescutti. (2017). Natural Disasters.

4. Adams, A. N. (2017). Social Networking Sites and Online Infidelity. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3379

5. Adetoogun. (2023). Practice and motivations for skin bleaching among Africans.

6. Adjei. (2018). Bride Price, Cultural and Gender Identity, and Husband-to-Wife Abuse in Ghana.

7. Ainun SajidahEvy MarlindaAgus Rachmadi. (2019). The Experience of Married Men Who Have Sex with Female Sex Workers (FSW).

8. Alexandra E. Schmidt, Mary S. Green, D. S. S. & A. M. P. (2016). Effects of Parental Infidelity on Adult Children’s Relational Ethics With Their Partners: A Contextual Perspective.

9. Alfred DeMaris. (2012). Distal and Proximal Influences on the Risk of Extramarital Sex: A Prospective Study of Longer Duration Marriages.

10. Allen, E. S., & Atkins, D. C. (2012). The Association of Divorce and Extramarital Sex in a Representative U.S. Sample. Journal of Family Issues, 33(11), 1477–1493. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12439692

11. Alvarado, H. A. (2020). Attachment and Perceived Infidelity of Military Spouses During Active-Duty Members’ Deployment.

12. Amegashie. (2008). The Desire for Revenge and the Dynamics of Conflicts.

13. Aminat Adeola Odebode, K. A. A. (2022). Causes of Infidelity as Expressed by Literate Working-Class Women in Lagos State, Nigeria.

14. Anagnostou, Michellea,#; Moreto, William D.b; Gardner, Charlie J.c; Doberstein, B. (2021). Poverty, Pandemics, and Wildlife Crime.

15. Andreea Orîndaru. (2015). Changing Perspectives on Students in Higher Education.

16. Aniekan L. Nyarks. (2023). Impact of Effective Communication in a Marriage.

17. Anna-Karin Evaldsson. (2005). The relationship between peace and development : a historical exploration.

18. Anne Abaho. (2020). Human Needs Satisfaction and Conflict Prevention in Africa.

19. Anne Vestergaard. (2021). Partnerships for development. Assessing the impact potential of cross-sector partnerships.

20. Aramesh K. (2009). The ownership of human body: an islamic perspective.

21. Arenius, P., Clercq, D. . (2005). A Network-based Approach on Opportunity Recognition. Small Bus Econ 24, 249–265 (2005).

22. Atapour, N., Falsafinejad, M. R., Ahmadi, K., & Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, A. (2021). A Study of the Processes and Contextual Factors of Marital Infidelity. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 9(3), 211–226. https://doi.org/10.32598/jpcp.9.3.758.2

23. Atkins, D. C. (2001). Understanding infidelity: correlates in a national random sample.

24. Azizpour, S., & Mirsaleh, Y. R. (2021). Family Counseling and Psychotherapy Emotional and Psychological Dimensions of Childhood Trauma in Men and Women who have Marital Infidelity. 10(2).

25. Banwari Meel. (2003). The Myth of Child Rape as a Cure for HIV/AIDS in Transkei.

26. Barbara A. Atwood. (2011). M ARITAL C ONTRACTS AND THE M EANING OF M ARRIAGE.

27. Beatrice van der Heijden. (2022). The relationship between career commitment and career success among university staff: The mediating role of employability.

28. Becker, J. (1982). Communication and Peace. The Empirical and Theoretical Relation between Two Categories in Social Sciences.

29. Bennett, E. D., Davari, J., Perales, J., Perales, A., Sumner, B., Gill, G., & Weng Mak Bennett, T. (n.d.). Article 13 Five Counseling Techniques for Increasing Attachment, Intimacy, and Sexual Functioning in Couples.

30. Berna. (2022). The power of friendship: The developmental significance of friendships from a neuroscience perspective.

31. Bimbi, D. S. (2007). Male prostitution: Pathology, paradigms and progress in research. Journal of Homosexuality, 53(1–2), 7–35. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v53n01_02

32. Blake .E. Ashforth, V. A. (1977). THE NORMALIZATION OF CORRUPTION IN ORGANIZATIONS.

33. Bogda. (2012). INVESTIGATING INFIDELITY TENDENCY AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT BASED ON ATTACHMENT STYLES AND GENDER.

34. Borst, J. (2015). A Systematic Review of the Effects of Family Conflict: Focusing on Divorce, Infidelity, and Attachment Style. Master of Social Work Clinical Research Papser. Retrieved from http://sophia.stkate.edu/msw_papers/426/

35. Boyane Tshehla. (2016). Traditional leaders’ role in justice and crime prevention.

36. Bradley L. Hardy. (2016). INCREASING ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE THROUGH EMPLOYMENT AND WORK.

37. Brand, R. J., Markey, C. M., Mills, A., & Hodges, S. D. (2007). Sex differences in self-reported infidelity and its correlates. Sex Roles, 57(1–2), 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9221-5

38. Charlotte McDonald. (2014). What are the main reasons men pay for sex?

39. Cheng. (2013). The Impact of Wealth on Prestige and Dominance Rank Relationships.

40. Christopher A. D. Charles. (2011). Skin Bleaching and the Prestige Complexion of Sexual Attraction.

41. Clemente. (2021). Revenge in Couple Relationships and Their Relation to the Dark Triad.

42. Davis, A. C., Vaillancourt, T., & Arnocky, S. (2020). The Dark Tetrad and Male Clients of Female Sex Work. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(September), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577171

43. de Stefano, J., & Oala, M. (2008). Extramarital Affairs: Basic Considerations and Essential Tasks in Clinical Work. The Family Journal, 16(1), 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480707309128

44. DeMaris, A. (2013). Burning the Candle at Both Ends: Extramarital Sex as a Precursor of Marital Disruption. Journal of Family Issues, 34(11), 1474–1499. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12470833

45. Dew, J. P., Saxey, M. T., & Mettmann, A. (2022). Money lies and extramarital ties: Predicting separate and joint occurrences of financial deception and extramarital infidelity. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(November), 1–11.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1038169

46. Donna L. (2004). Has the Internet Become Indispensable?

47. Eaves. (2007). The Relationship Between Self-Worth and Marital Infidelity: A Pilot Study.

48. Elizabeth Crouch. (2019). Challenges to School Success and the Role of Adverse Childhood Experiences.

49. Erica A. Michell. (2023). University–church partnerships: A mechanism to enhance relationship health.

50. Evans Oluwagbamila Ayeni. (2019). COMMUNICATION AS TOOL FOR PEACE BUILDING IN AN ORGANIZATION: A STUDY OF FEDERAL MINISTRY OF WOMEN AFFAIRS, ABUJA, NIGERIA.

51. Faradj Koliev. (2018). Naming and Shaming The politics and effectiveness of social pressure in the ILO.

52. Febdi Hermawan. (2020). EFFECT OF FORGIVENESS, EMPATHY, ATTACHMENT TO MARITAL SATISFACTION IN COUPLES WHO HAD BETRAYED.

53. Fincham, F. D., & May, R. W. (2017). Infidelity in romantic relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 70–74.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.008

54. Fisher, A. D., Corona, G., Bandini, E., Mannucci, E., Lotti, F., Boddi, V., … Maggi, M. (2009). Psychobiological correlates of extramarital affairs and differences between stable and occasional infidelity among men with sexual dysfunctions. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(3), 866–875. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01140.x

55. Fodio Garba, S. I. (2021). Effect of Promotion on Job Satisfaction: A Study of Tertiary Institutions in Sokoto State, Nigeria.

56. Frank D. Day. (1963). Criminal Law Enforcement and a Free Society.

57. Frank Emmert. (2019). Global Failure of Justice Systems - Causes and Consequences.

58. Fulu, E., Miedema, S., Roselli, T., McCook, S., Chan, K. L., Haardörfer, R., … Johnson, S. (2017). Pathways between childhood trauma, intimate partner violence, and harsh parenting: findings from the UN Multi-country Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific. The Lancet Global Health, 5(5), e512–e522. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30103-1

59. Garbinsky, E. N., Gladstone, J. J., Nikolova, H., & Olson, J. G. (2020). Love, Lies, and Money: Financial Infidelity in Romantic Relationships. Journal of Consumer Research, 47(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucz052

60. Gayle Brewer. (2015). Dark Triad traits, infidelity and romantic revenge.

61. Ghiasi. (2021). Attachment styles and infidelity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

62. Gobout, N., Morissette Harvey, F., Cyr, G., & Bélanger, C. (2020). Cumulative Childhood Trauma and Couple Satisfaction: Examining the Mediating Role of Mindfulness. Mindfulness, 11(7), 1723–1733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01390-x

63. González-Rivera, J. A., Aquino-Serrano, F., & Pérez-Torres, E. M. (2020). Relationship satisfaction and infidelity-related behaviors on social networks: A preliminary online study of hispanic women. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 10(1), 297–309. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe10010023

64. Hacer Alan Dikmen. (2020). The Effect of Exposure to Sexual Violence on Sexual Dysfunction and Sexual Distress in Pregnant Women.

65. Halley Bachelor. (2014). Child is like a piece of white paper available for anything to be written on.

66. Hallsten. (2021). Wealth as One of the “Big Four” SES Dimensions in Intergenerational Transmissions.

67. Hans-Georg Wolff. (2017). Effects of Networking on Career Success: A Longitudinal Study.

68. Haseli, A., Shariati, M., Nazari, A. M., Keramat, A., & Emamian, M. H. (2019). Infidelity and Its Associated Factors: A Systematic Review. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 16(8), 1155–1169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.04.011

69. Hassan Ballou. (2009). Career commitment and career success: Moderating role of self-efficacy.

70. Hatamy, A., Fathi, E., Gorji, Z., & Esmaeily, M. (2011). The relationship between parenting styles and attachment styles in men and women with infidelity. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3743–3747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.366

71. Ian Smith. (2012). Reinterpreting the economics of extramarital affairs.

72. J.C Konje. (1999). Barriers to uptake and use of modern methods of contraception in developing countries.

73. Jahan, Y., Chowdhury, A. S., Rahman, S. M. A., Chowdhury, S., Khair, Z., Huq, K. A. T. M. E., & Rahman, M. M. (2017). Factors involving extramarital affairs among married adults in Bangladesh. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 4(5), 1379. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20171506

74. Jessica Shimberg, L. J. & L. G. (2016). Empathy as a Mediator of Attitudes Toward Infidelity Among College Students.

75. Jewkes, R., Morrell, R., Sikweyiya, Y., Dunkle, K., & Penn-Kekana, L. (2012). Transactional relationships and sex with a woman in prostitution: Prevalence and patterns in a representative sample of South African men. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-325

76. Jill Iroz Webb. (2020). The Function of Gratitude in Marriage: Building Ties that Bind.

77. Joan-Pau Rubiés. (2006). Theology, Ethnography, and the Historicization of Idolatry.

78. John Garin Isaac Ameyaw. (2023). Factors that Contribute to Marriage Breakdown among Young Couples in the Ghanaian Context.

79. Juan. (2019). The connection between oil wealth and internal armed conflicts: Exploring the mechanisms of the relationship using a subnational lens.

80. Julie Arnfred Bojesen. (2018). Communication in conflict and peace.

81. Justin A. Lavner, M. A. C. (2017). Workload and Marital Satisfaction over Time: Testing Lagged Spillover and Crossover Effects during the Newlywed Years.

82. Kamini Tanwar, P. (2016). Impact of Media Violence on Children’s Aggressive Behaviour.

83. Karimi, S., Doostdari, F., Bahadoriyan Lotfabadi, N., Yosefi, R., Soleymani, M., Kianimoghadam, A. S., & Safari, F. (2023). The Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas in Predicting Legitimacy, Seduction, Normalization, Sexuality, Social Background, and Sensation Seeking in Marital Infidelity. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 11(3), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.32598/jpcp.11.3.848.2

84. Kato, T., & Okubo, N. (2023). Relationship status and gender-related differences in response to infidelity. Frontiers in Psychology, 14(May), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1158751

85. Kwaku Darko Amponsah. (2022). The Impact of Internet Usage on Students’ Success in Selected Senior High Schools in Cape Coast metropolis, Ghana.

86. Lammers, J., Stoker, J. I., Jordan, J., Pollmann, M., & Stapel, D. A. (2011). Power increases infidelity among men and women. Psychological Science, 22(9), 1191–1197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611416252

87. Lasse Brandt. (2022). The effects of social isolation stress and discrimination on mental health.

88. Lawrence D. E. Ikamari. (2005). The effect of education on the timing of marriage in Kenya.

89. Lewis J. (2017). Social impacts of corruption upon community resilience and poverty.

90. Lișman, C. G., & Holman, A. C. (2021). Cheating under the circumstances in marital relationships: The development and examination of the propensity towards infidelity scale. Social Sciences, 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10100392

91. Liu J, Yu NN, Cheng M, W. C. (2023). Internet Use and Better-Informed Divorce in China.

92. Liu, N., Lu, Z., & Xie, Y. (2021). Factors affecting the public acceptance of extramarital sex in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115767

93. Luke Fleming. (2016). The Relationship Between Poverty and Crime: A Cross Section Analysis.

94. Mah Yong Xin, S. A. H. (2020). Factors Contributing to Infidelity in Marriage Within Asian Countries A Systematic Review of literature.

95. Mai Huong Giang. (2019). he Causal Effect of Access to Finance on Productivity of Small and Medium Enterprises in Vietnam.

96. Maneta. (2015). Linkages between childhood emotional abuse and marital satisfaction: The mediating role of empathic accuracy for hostile emotions.

97. Mansoureh Ebrahimi. (2017). Islamic Identity, Ethical Principles and Human Values.

98. Mapfumo. (2016). Unfaithfulness Among Married Couples.

99. MARCIA LYNN WHICKER, J. J. K. (1986). MEN AND WOMEN TOGETHER: THE IMPACT OF BIRTH CONTROL TECHNOLOGY ON MALE-FEMALE RELATIONSHIPS.

100. María del Mar Sánchez-Fuentesa, Pablo Santos-Iglesiasb, Juan Carlos Sierraa, *. (2013). A systematic review of sexual satisfaction.

101. Marici M, Runcan R, Iosim I, H. A. (2023). The effect of attire attractiveness on students’ perception of their teachers.

102. Marie Paredes, N. (2010). Awareness of parental infidelity in childhood: Attitudes toward infidelity as adults. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3692

103. Mark Bates. (2010). Psychological Fitness.

104. Mark, K. P., Janssen, E., & Milhausen, R. R. (2011). Infidelity in heterosexual couples: Demographic, interpersonal, and personality-related predictors of extradyadic sex. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(5), 971–982. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9771-z

105. Mark Mohan Kaggwa. (2021). Intimate partner violence, spouse extramarital affairs, and depression among women in rural Uganda.

106. Maryam. (2021). Predicting Attitudes toward Marital Infidelity Based on Attachment and Perfectionism Styles.

107. maryam serat. (2022). The function of legal knowledge in the style of peaceful coexistence.

108. Matt Bradshaw, B. V. K. V. K. (2018). Prayer, Attachment to God, and Changes in Psychological Well-Being in Later Life.

109. Maureen OgwokhademheC, A. I. (2013). FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR EXTRAMARITAL AFFAIRS AS PERCEIVED BY MARRIED ADULTS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA.

110. Mbaye, L. . (2014). “Barcelona or die”: understanding illegal migration from Senegal.

111. Mehreen Mookerjee. (2023). Family planning practices: Examining the link between contraception and child health.

112. Messripour, S., Etemadi, O., Ahmadi, S. A., & Jazayeri, R. (2016). Analysis of the Reasons for Infidelity in Women with Extra-marital Relationships: A Qualitative Study. Modern Applied Science, 10(5), 151. https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n5p151

113. Michael Fitzgerald, B. S., & Hamstra, C. (n.d.). The Intersection of Childhood Maltreatment and Marriage: Implications for Adult’s Health.

114. Mingze Li, S. P. L. L. (2022). How Do Team Cooperative Goals Influence Thriving at Work: The Mediating Role of Team Time Consensus.

115. Mohammadi K, Samavi A, G. Z. (2016). The Relationship Between Attachment Styles and Lifestyle With Marital Satisfaction.

116. Mohammed Saaida. (2024). The Inseparable Link between Human Rights and Peace Building.

117. Monto, M. A., & McRee, N. (2005). A comparison of the male customers of female street prostitutes with national samples of men. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 49(5), 505–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X04272975

118. Morrissette, P. J. (2012). Infidelity and revenge fantasies: An integrative couple therapy approach. Journal of Couple and Relationship Therapy, 11(2), 149–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332691.2012.666500

119. Mtenga, S. M., Pfeiffer, C., Tanner, M., Geubbels, E., & Merten, S. (2018). Linking gender, extramarital affairs, and HIV: A mixed methods study oncontextual determinants of extramarital affairs in rural Tanzania. AIDS Research and Therapy, 15(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-018-0199-6

120. Mugweni, E., Pearson, S., & Omar, M. (2015). Concurrent sexual partnerships among married zimbabweans – Implications for hiv prevention. International Journal of Women’s Health, 7, 819–832. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S88884

121. Muna. (2020). Socio-Cultural Constraints in Protecting Child Rights in a Society in Transition: A Review and Synthesis from Oman.

122. Munsch, C. L. (2015). Her Support, His Support: Money, Masculinity, and Marital Infidelity. American Sociological Review, 80(3), 469–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415579989

123. Nasution, S. I., & Sahri, Z. (2020). Negative Impacts of Protagonist’S Marital Infidelity in S. J. Watson’S Novel Before I Go To Sleep. Journal of Language, 2(2), 158–169. https://doi.org/10.30743/jol.v2i2.3221

124. Nita Madhav, Ben Oppenheim, Mark Gallivan, Prime Mulembakani, Edward Rubin, and N. W. (2018). Chapter 17Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation.

125. Nkonde H, Mukanga B, D. V. (2023). Male partner influence on Women’s choices and utilisation of family planning services in Mufulira district, Zambia.

126. Nyoman Arya Maha Putraa, b, A. W., & Sri Yonaa. (2019). The relationship between family acceptance and quality of life and self esteem of PLWH MSM in Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia.

127. Odebode, A. A., James, J. F., Adegunju, K. A., & Julia, J. (2021). Aftermaths of Infidelity As Expressed By Literate Working. 6(2), 41–57.

128. Öğr Üyesi. (2022). THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CHILDHOOD TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES, MARITAL SELF-EFFICACY AND RELATIONAL RESILIENCE: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF ATTACHMENT TYPES.

129. Parker, M. L., & Campbell, K. (2017). Infidelity and Attachment: The Moderating Role of Race/Ethnicity. Contemporary Family Therapy, 39(3), 172–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-017-9415-0

130. Patrycja J. Piotrowska. (2014). Socioeconomic status and antisocial behaviour among children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

131. Paul R. Amato. (2003). People’s Reasons for Divorcing: Gender, Social Class, the Life Course, and Adjustment.

132. Pereira. (2013). Attachment, Infidelity, and Loneliness in College Students Involved in a Romantic Relationship: The Role of Relationship Satisfaction, Morbidity, and Prayer for Partner.

133. Philip. (2011). The effects of education on Americans’ Religious, Beliefs and Practices.

134. PHILIP K. HITTI. (1970). Islam: A Way of Life.

135. Philip Teg-Nefaah Tabong, B. A. (2013). Infertility and childlessness: a qualitative study of the experiences of infertile couples in Northern Ghana.

136. Pillai, S. (2022). The Impact of Childhood Trauma on the Attachment Styles of Adults. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 7(7). https://doi.org/10.25215/1003.157

137. Polser. (2020). A META-ANALYTIC REVIEW OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERPERSONAL TRAUMA AND COMMITTED ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS.

138. Putra, I. G. N. E. (2019). Protected Sex with Paid Sexual Partner among Married Men in Indonesia. GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal), 3(2), 45. https://doi.org/10.35898/ghmj-32292

139. Putri, S. L. S. (2016). Job Stress and Marital Satisfaction among Husbands in Dual-Earner Marriages.

140. Qiqi Chen. (2022). Stress in Balancing Work and Family among Working Parents in Hong Kong.

141. Rifai, A., Afandi, A. T., & Saputra, K. A. (2019). A Qualitative Study of Sexual Behavior among Indonesian Married Men with Migrant Worker Wife. KnE Life Sciences, 2019, 880–887. https://doi.org/10.18502/kls.v4i13.5347

142. Right to Education Intiative. (2023). Understanding education as a right.

143. Rob Stephenson. (2010). Community-Level Gender Equity and Extramarital Sexual Risk-Taking Among Married Men in Eight African Countries.

144. Robbins, M. (2019). Why Employees Need Both Recognition and Appreciation.

145. Robert Huizenga. (n.d.). Extramarital Affairs: When Sexual Addiction and Infidelity Meet.

146. Rod Troester. (1990). A Communication Based Model of Friendship for the Interpersonal Communication Course.

147. Rokach, A., & Chan, S. H. (2023). Love and Infidelity: Causes and Consequences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053904

148. Rokach, A., & Philibert-lignières, G. (2015). Intimacy , Loneliness & Infidelity. 71–77.

149. Safia. (2022). Evaluation of behavioral and physical dimensions of childhood traumas in couples who have marital infidelity.

150. Scheeren, P., Martínez de Apellániz, I. de A., & Wagner, A. (2018). Marital infidelity: The experience of men and women. Trends in Psychology, 26(1), 355–385. https://doi.org/10.9788/TP2018.1-14En

151. Schensul, S. L., Mekki-Berrada, A., Nastasi, B. K., Singh, R., Burleson, J. A., & Bojko, M. (2006). Men’s extramarital sex, marital relationships and sexual risk in urban poor communities in India. Journal of Urban Health, 83(4), 614–624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-006-9076-z

152. Schonian, S. (2013). Perceptions and Definition of Infidelity : A Multimethod Study. 110.

153. Schwartz’s Weblog, A. S. (2011). Why Do Women Become Prostitutes and Why Do Men Go To Them?

154. Scott, S. B., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., Allen, E. S., & Markman, H. J. (2013). Reasons for divorce and recollections of premarital intervention: Implications for improving relationship education. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 2(2), 131–145. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032025

155. SERVAAS VAN DER BERG. (2017). Low quality education as a poverty trap.

156. Shihui Pan. (2021). The Impact of Physical Appearance on Employment Competitiveness.

157. Shrout, M. R., & Weigel, D. J. (2018). Infidelity’s aftermath: Appraisals, mental health, and health-compromising behaviors following a partner’s infidelity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(8), 1067–1091. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517704091

158. Sierra JC, Arcos-Romero AI, Álvarez-Muelas A, C. O. (2021). The Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Sexual Attitudes, Sexual Assertiveness, and Sexual Functioning in Men and Women.

159. SIGUAN, A., ONG, M. F. T., & CAÑETE, S. I. M. (2021). the Impact of Infidelity on Filipino Family Dynamics and Young Adult Filipino’S Self-Concept. Malim: Jurnal Pengajian Umum Asia Tenggara (Sea Journal of General Studies), 22(1), 14–37. https://doi.org/10.17576/malim-2021-2201-02

160. Silvia StrakaLyse Montminy. (2008). Family Violence: Through the Lens of Power and Control.

161. Sinikka. (2008). The Performance of Desire: Gender and Sexual Negotiation in Long-Term Marriages.

162. Sly, K. (2021). The Mental Health Impact of Infidelity in Marriages: A Literature Review. (May).

163. Somaye Robatm, liMahla Y. (2024). Predicting cheating among married individuals based on sexual satisfaction and personality traits: A review.

164. Stephen T. Fife. (2011). Facilitating forgiveness in the treatment of infidelity: an interpersonal model.

165. Stephen Thielke. (2011). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs and the Adoption of Health-Related Technologies for Older Adults.

166. Stinley, C. M. (2017). BearWorks Exploring Men ’ s Motivations and Restraints in Repeated Extramarital Sex.

167. Stupacher J, Mikkelsen J, V. P. (2022). Higher empathy is associated with stronger social bonding when moving together with music.

168. Subchi. (2019). The Influence of Religiosity, Cultural Values, and Marital Commitment to Infidelity in Marital Life.

169. Sunday David Edinyang. (2012). The Role of the Family in Enhancing Peace in Nigeria.

170. Tadege. (2023). Culture and Development: In the case of Waghemra Community, Northern Ethiopia.

171. Thapa, R., Yang, Y., & Chan, S. (2020). Young rural women’s perceptions of sexual infidelity among men in Cambodia. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 22(4), 474–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2019.1608469

172. Thapa, R., Yang, Y., & Nget, M. (2019). Perceptions of Sexual Infidelity in Rural Cambodia: A Qualitative Study of Adolescent Men. American Journal of Men’s Health, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988319848576

173. Tim Hamilton, S. S. (1996). POWER, POWER RELATIONS, AND OPPRESSION: A PERSPECTIVE FOR BALANCING THE POWER RELATIONS.

174. Timothy J Legg. (2019). Why Do People Cheat in Relationships?

175. Tina Bui. (2021). Workplace Stress and Productivity: A Cross-Sectional Study.

176. Topluoglu, Seher TopluogluSeher, Taylan-Ozkan, Aysegul Taylan-Ozkan Aysegul, Alp, E. A., & 3. (2023). Impact of wars and natural disasters on emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

177. Treas, J., & Giesen, D. (2000). Sexual infidelity among married and cohabiting Americans. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(1), 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00048.x

178. Tristan McBain. (2022). Infidelity: Types, Causes, & Effects.

179. Tsepalas. (2010). “Infidelity: when, where, why.” IN WR Cupach and BH Spitzberg, The Dark Side of Close Relationships II, New York: Routledge, pp 175-196.

180. Uchenna Ajake, T. J. (2010). Parental Exposure of Children to New Experiences and Learning Outcome: A Perspective of Home Factor in Productive Child Education.

181. UIA. (2020). Adultry.

182. UNDCP. (1995). THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF DRUG ABUSE.

183. UNESCO. (2023). The right to education.

184. United States Institute of Peace. (2018). Corruption and Conflict.

185. Unted Nations. (2023). World Drug Report.

186. Varma. (2023). Why Did I Cheat on My Partner? Mapping the Motives of Infidelity in Dating Relationships Through the Perpetrators.

187. Virginia Wanjiru, Niceta Ireri, J. B. M. (2020). An Investigation of the Factors Contributing to Infidelity Among Married Couples in Selected Mainstream Churches in Kikuyu Constituency, Kiambu County, Kenya.

188. Wardle, L. D. (2003). Parental Infidelity and the “No-Harm” Rule in Custody Litigation. Catholic University Law Review, 52(1), 81–132.

189. Waweru. (2022). The Relationship between Marital Satisfaction and Job Performance: A case of Married Employees at the National Registration Bureau, Nairobi County, Kenya.

190. Weis, D. L., & Slosnerick, M. (1981). Attitudes toward Sexual and Nonsexual Extramarital Involvements among a Sample of College Students. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43(2), 349. https://doi.org/10.2307/351386

191. Weiser. (2022). Ive been cheated, been mistreated, when will I be loved”: Two decades of infidelity research through an intersectional lens.

192. Wen. (2019). The influence of power on online sexual activities among Chinese men and women in committed relationships.

193. Wenger, M. R., & Frisco, M. L. (2021). Extradyadic Sex and Psychological Distress among Married and Cohabiting Young Adults: An Examination of Internalized and Externalized Responses. Journal of Family Issues, 42(4), 785–812.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X20927766

194. WHO. (2024). Violence, injuries and disability.

195. Wróblewska-Skrzek, J. (2021). Infidelity in Relation to Sex and Gender: The Perspective of Sociobiology Versus the Perspective of Sociology of Emotions. Sexuality and Culture, 25(5), 1885–1894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-021-09845-6

196. Yahya Muhammed Bah. (2023). Illegal Migration Push and Pull Factors: Lessons for Migration Management Professionals.

197. Yandisa Sikweyiya. (2020). Patriarchy and gender-inequitable attitudes as drivers of intimate partner violence against women in the central region of Ghana.

198. Yumarma, A. (2011). Ethical foundations for peaceful coexistence; A cultural investigation of “keselarasan.”

199. Yumbul, C., Cavusoglu, S., & Geyimcia, B. (2010). The effect of childhood trauma on adult attachment styles, infidelity tendency, romantic jealousy and self-esteem. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1741–1745.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.357

200. Zahide Tepeli Temiz. (2018). The relationship between satisfaction with life, attachment styles, and psychological resilinece in university students.

201. Zapien. (2017). Decision Science, Risk Perception, and Infidelity.

202. Zhang, Y., Wang, X., & Pan, S. (2021). Prevalence and Patterns of Extramarital Sex among Chinese Men and Women: 2000-2015. Journal of Sex Research, 58(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2020.1797617

Downloads

Published

2025-09-10

How to Cite

Bah, Y. M. (2025). Causes of Extramarital Affairs: Lessons for Social Workers and Child Rights Advocates. Journal of Social Science and Human Research Studies, 1(03), 13-27. https://jsshrs.ep-journals.org/index.php/jsshrs/article/view/9

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.